All About New Hampshire Colony

New Hampshire was one of the 13 original colonies of the United States and was  founded in 1623. The land in the New World was granted to Captain John Mason, who named the new settlement after his homeland in Hampshire County, England. Mason sent settlers to the new territory to create a fishing colony. However, he died before seeing the place where he had spent a considerable amount of money building towns and defenses. Fast Facts: New Hampshire Colony Also Known As: Royal Province of New Hampshire, Upper Province of MassachusettsNamed After: Hampshire, EnglandFounding Year: 1623Founding Country: EnglandFirst Known European Settlement: David Thomson, 1623; William and Edward Hilton, 1623Residential Native Communities: Pennacook and Abenaki (Algonkian)Founders: John Mason, Ferdinando Gorges, David ThomsonImportant People: Benning Wentworth  First Continental Congressmen: Nathaniel Folsom; John SullivanSigners of the Declaration: Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton New England New Hampshire was one of the four New England Colonies, along with Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and Rhone Island colonies. The New England colonies were one of three groups comprising the 13 original colonies. The other two groups were the Middle Colonies and the Southern Colonies. Settlers of the New England Colonies enjoyed mild summers but endured very harsh long winters. One advantage of the cold  was that it helped to limit the spread of disease, a considerable problem in the warmer climates of the Southern Colonies.   Early Settlement Under the direction of Captain John Mason and his short-lived Laconia Company, two groups of settlers arrived at the mouth of the Piscataqua River and established two fishing communities, one at the mouth of the river and one eight miles upstream. David Thomson set sail for New England in 1623, with 10 others and his wife, and landed and established a plantation at the mouth of the Piscataqua, near what is Rye called Odiornes Point; it only lasted for a few years. About the same time, London fishmongers William and Edward Hilton set up a colony at  Hiltons Point near Dover. The Hiltons obtained financial support to buy land in 1631, and by 1632, a group of  66 men and 23 women were sent out to the budding colony.  Ã‚  Other early settlements include Thomas Warnertons Strawberry Bank near Portsmouth and Ambrose Gibbons at Newichawannock.   Fish, whales, fur, and timber were important natural resources for the New Hampshire colony. Much of the land was rocky and not flat, so agriculture was limited. For sustenance, settlers grew wheat, corn, rye, beans, and various squashes. The mighty old-growth trees of New Hampshires forests were prized by the English Crown for their use as ships masts. Many of the first settlers came to New Hampshire, not in search of religious freedom but rather to seek their fortunes through trade with England, primarily in fish, fur, and timber. Native Inhabitants The primary tribes of Native Americans living in the New Hampshire territory when the English arrived were the Pennacook and Abenaki, both Algonquin speakers. The early years of English settlement were relatively peaceful. Relations between the groups began to deteriorate in the latter half of the 1600s, largely due to leadership changes in New Hampshire and to problems in Massachusetts that led to a migration of native people into New Hampshire. The town of Dover was a focal point of struggle between the settlers and the Pennacook, where settlers built numerous garrisons for defense (giving Dover the nickname Garrison City that persists today). The Pennacook attack on June 7, 1684, is remembered as the Cochecho Massacre.   New Hampshire Independence Control of the New Hampshire colony changed several times before the colony declared its independence. It was a Royal Province prior to 1641 when it was claimed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony and was dubbed the Upper Province of Massachusetts. In 1680, New Hampshire  returned to its status as a Royal Province, but this lasted only until 1688 when it again became part of Massachusetts. New Hampshire regained independence—from Massachusetts, not from England—in 1741. At that time, the people elected Benning Wentworth as its own governor and remained under his leadership until 1766. New Hampshire sent two men to the First Continental Congress in 1774: Nathaniel Folsom and John Sullivan. Six months before the signing of the Declaration of Independence, New Hampshire became the first colony to declare its independence from England. Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, and Matthew Thornton signed the Declaration for New Hampshire. The colony became a state in 1788.  Ã‚   Sources and Further Reading Daniell, Jere R. Colonial New Hampshire: A History. University Press of New England, 1981.Morison, Elizabeth Forbes, and Elting E. Morison. New Hampshire: A Bicentennial History. New York: W. W. Norton, 1976.Whitney, D. Quincy. Hidden History of New Hampshire. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2008.

Quantitative Research Critique Relationship of Glucose...

Relationship of Glucose Values to Sliding Scale Insulin (Correctional Insulin) Dose Delivery and Meal Time in Acute Care Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Grand Canyon Introduction to Nursing Research NRS- 433V August 04, 2013 Relationship of Glucose Values to Sliding Scale Insulin (Correctional Insulin) Dose Delivery and Meal Time in Acute Care Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Introduction Managing blood glucose (BG) level in diabetic patients proves to be a challenging goal to insulin. The stand-alone method in many adult acute setting is the use of sliding scale insulin (SSI) to treat hyperglycemia. The goal within these settings is to maintain the BG level below 180 mg/dl (Trotter, Conaway amp; Burns, 2008). The researcher†¦show more content†¦Informed consent was approved by the institutional review board and the study was explained to participants, disclosing that 2 additional independent finger sticks were going to be done by the study investigators, before insulin dose in the morning and at lunch time. The collection of data involved three fingersticks in the morning and in the afternoon by PCA, nurse and investigator Data described the dependent and independent variables involving the time lapse between PCA’s testing and nurse testing (prior to administering insulin); insulin dose that would be given with the PCA’s BG result and the insulin dose that would be given with the nurse BG result (nurses BG were lower at the time of SSI dose) . This author appreciates the researcher’s effort in determining a cause-and-effect between the variables. Many references were offered to support the hypotheses. The NICE-SUGAR STUDY (2009) was also referenced. It show ed the efficacy of using intermediate glucose management (SSI) in lowering the blood glucose level in the acute setting. (Finfer, Chittock, Blair, Foster amp; Ronco, 2009). More importantly though, was the need to determine the relevance of SSI dose and the timing of meal intake. Data Management and Analysis A descriptive statistic, including frequency, means and standard deviation were used to summarize BG results. Repeated measures model were used to evaluate differences in glucose measurements by the time-lapseShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesManager: Kelly Warsak Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Ilene Kahn Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Interior Design: Suzanne Duda and Michael Fruhbeis Permissions Project Manager: Shannon Barbe Manager, Cover Visual Research Permissions: Karen Sanatar Manager Central Design: Jayne Conte Cover Art: Getty Images, Inc. Cover Design: Suzanne Duda Lead Media Project Manager: Denise Vaughn Full-Service Project Management: Sharon Anderson/BookMasters, Inc. Composition: IntegraRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pages190 Activity 4.3 Boxplot Shapes 190 Graphing Calculator Explorations 195 5 Summarizing Bivariate Data 5.1 Correlation 200 199 5.2 Linear Regression: Fitting a Line to Bivariate Data 210 5.3 Assessing the Fit of a Line 221 5.4 Nonlinear Relationships and Transformations 238 5.5 Logistic Regression (Optional) 255 5.6 Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses 264 Activity 5.1 Exploring Correlation and Regression 267 Activity 5.2 Age and Flexibility 268 Graphing Calculator

Corporate Social Responsibility of Television Networks free essay sample

A discussion on corporate social responsibility of television networks defined in this paper as, business decision-making linked to ethical values, compliance with legal requirements, and respect for people, communities, and the environment. The following paper focuses on the social responsibility of television networks in their depiction of violence. The writer gives a general introduction of the ethical issues of corporate responsibility and outlines the specifics of the corporate responsibility of television networks in their depiction of violence on television. Recommendations are given to help formulate a policy that addresses this issue. This paper also delves into the details of the implementation and evaluation of the policy to address the responsibility of television networks for violence shown on television. I believe that it is not unreasonable to hold corporations to the same, if not a greater, responsibility toward the rest of society. The actions of corporations can affect, quite literally, millions of people. We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Social Responsibility of Television Networks or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We only need to look at the Nestle Infant Milk Formula controversy for an especially distasteful example. Here, Nestle used misleading marketing to sell artificial infant formula to third-world children, resulting in the death of millions of these babies. See Dobbing (1988) for a detailed description of this case. Closer to home, the recent Enron scandal is another example how the actions of a corporation can damage millions of lives.

Indian Retail Industry Essay Example

Indian Retail Industry Essay EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Retailing is the process that involves of selling goods or services directly to end consumer for personal, non business use (Kotler, 2010). A retailer or retail store is an enterprise where they make volume majorly from retailing. Any firm selling its goods or services to the end consumers- whether it is manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer- is said to be retailing. It doesn’t matter how the goods or services are sold (may be by person, through mail, telephone) or where (from a store, by the street or in the user’s home). In the past, retailers secured customers loyalty by offering convenient locations, special or unique variety of goods, greater or better services than competitors. Retailers struggled in developed countries because of their saturated market and forcing them to invest in developing countries like India, China etc. And India has been ranked fifth most favourable market for foreign retailers, according to AT Kearney’s GRDI (2012). An Industrial Analysis on Retail Industry mainly concentrating on Food Grocery is done in the project using Qualitative methods which includes PEST analysis, tracking mergers acquisitions etc. nd Quantitative methods which include comparison among the companies and comparison with the US markets. Certain limitation was faced while searching for data but its made sure it is from a reliable and trusted source. 1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 2 1. 1. Overview Retailing is the process that involves of selling goods or services directly to end consumer for person al, non business use. Present day consumers shop for goods and services at store retailers, non store retailers etc, but the best known retailer is the departmental store. Generally a retailer tend to buy goods or services in large quantities from manufacturers or importers hich may include a middleman (wholesaler) or may directly purchase from them and then sell those to the end – user consumer as small quantities or in individual items. Retailers can be considered as the end of the supply chain, because they are final means from which the consumer receives their desired goods or services. Moreover in the marketer’s point of view retailing plays a major role in the overall distribution strategy, which means that to attain an efficient supply chain management retailer is the main source to assess the actual demand in the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Indian Retail Industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Indian Retail Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Indian Retail Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Some world leading retailers are (as per Revenue):1 1. Wal-Mart (US) 2. Carrefour (France) 3. Metro (Germany) 4. TESCO (UK) 5. Lidl Stiftury (Germany) The world market is found is undergoing continuous transformation. And especially when retail market is consider, lots of innovation and cut throat competition is observed. If we consider in India the retail sector constitutes to 22% of GDP and provides 8% of employment. 2 Indian retail sector worth is found to be US$ 350 billion and is growing at a rate of 15-20%3, it is estimated that the value of the retail sector may increase up to US$ 450 by 2015. This high growth rate has attracted many of the foreign investors to invest in India especially in Grocery and Apparel as a part of FDI in multi brand retail. 4 Top retailers in India are; 1. Reliance Fresh 2. Food Bazaar 1 2 www. moneycontrol. com www. ibef. org 3 Pricewaterhousecooper research 4 Deloitte research 3 3. Spencers Mart 4. More 5. Nilgiris The organized retail sector is found to be only 5%, which shows a huge potential in retail sector and estimated to increase to 9% by 2015. Figure : 1. 1 Organized retail has huge scope of expansion Unorganized retail penetration Organized retail penetration % 9% 20% 95% 91% 80% 2011-12 2015-16 2020-21 Source: Indian retail market sep 2011, Delioitte Aranca research 1. 2. Global Scenario In the last part of 20th century, the world saw the emergence of the retail industry, majorly the supermarket found to dominant grocery retail form. And with the latest advancement in the technology like the bar code, RFID etc. allowed a store to manag e thousands of items and ‘just-in-time’ store replenishment. Computer operated logistical systems integrated with the stores assess the consumer demand in a single electronic system has led to expansion of the retail sector. But with the saturated local market, high competition pushed the major retailers into the globalization though process. And at the same time many government in the mid 1990’s have opened their economies inviting for foreign retail investors. However major issue faced is the economic slowdown that has resulted due to the uncertainty in IT sector and other financial spending. Moreover consumers themselves became much more price conscious, sensitive to price hikes and conservative in their buying, particularly in the developed economies. 4 Even though, Retail industry continues to be the world’s largest private industry with above US$ 8. trillion sales worldwide annually, this accounts nearly 10-15% of GDP for most economies. 5 Major employer in most of the economies: ? ? ? ? 18% in US 14% in Poland 9% in China 17% in Europe Biggest retail countries in world (as per sales) ? ? ? ? ? US EU China UK India US$ 4. 7 trillion US$ 2. 9 trillion US$ 800 billion US$ 498 billion US $ 350 billon So from the above data it is evident that some developing countries like China and India made up to the top retailers in the world, which shows the huge potential for retail in these economies as major part of the retail is dominated by the unorganized sector. Retailers around the Globe; Table : 1. 1 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 Country UK Spain France Germany Italy Switzerland % of International retailers present 55 51 49 47 45 42 5 www. Livemint. com 5 7 8 9 10 Austria UAE China Russia 42 41 40 39 Source: CB Richard Ellis, 2010 The above table shows the concentration of the international retailer in to their economy, where UK topped the list and India ranked 44 in the list (as a lot of clarifications for the international retailers are required). Study also concluded that developed economies are still the favourable markets for international retailers. 1. 3. Indian Scenario The retail industry in India is one of the most attracted market in the world. The major reason for this is, the market is highly unorganized. Almost 90% of the retail market is under unorganized sector where the business are run as kirana stores and family businesses. The organized sector is only less than 10% which is very low compared to other countries like US, UK etc which are having 50%-70% organized sectors. Almost all global retailers are looking out for an opportunity to enter into the Indian market as they knows the growth of the sector in India. Even though food and grocery is having the maximum market share of about 69% in the retail market, its share in the organized market is only 3% which shows the retailers who are mainly into food and grocery sector have an advantage among other retailers. The research conducted by Technopak reported that, in 2011 Indian food and grocery sector was estimated to be USD 325 billion that accounts for the 69% of the overall retail in India. This is expected to grow to USD 425 billion by the end of 2016 at a Compound Annual Growth Rate of 5. 5%. In this, the market share of the organized food and grocery was estimated at USD 9 billion which is expected to witness a growth to USD 34 billion by 2016 at a Compound Annual Growth Rate of 30%. 6 The study shows that there is an exponential growth in the Indian organized food and grocery sector in the next few years. 1. 4. Major Retailers in Food and Grocery The major retailers in India are Reliance Fresh, Spencer Mart, More, Nilgiris and Big Bazaar. The various aspects of these retailers are explained in the following sections of this report. As the organized food sector is very small, the market shares of these retailers are pretty difficult to find. 6 http://www. indianretailer. com/article/sector-watch/food-and-grocery/Standing-against-each-other-1489/ 6 1. 5. Research Objectives 1. To identify the market share and nature of competition of Indian retail industry. 2. To understand the market segmentation of the industry. 3. To conduct PEST analysis for the industry. . To study the difference between standalone and conglomerate diversification in the industry. 5. To analyze the mergers and acquisitions carried out in the industry. 6. To study the international exposure of the industry. 7. To determine the technologies used in the industry. 8. To study the marketing initiatives carried out by the industry 9. To analyze the future prospects of the industry. 10. To Compare the Indian retail industry with US, UK and France. 7 Chapt er 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8 2. 1. Introduction The size of Indian retail is about US $350 billion but it is highly unorganized. Indian retail is dominated by 15mn independent retailers consisting of kirana stores, chemists, footwear shops, apparel shops, paan and bedi stalls, handcart and pavement vendors, which together makes up ‘unorganized market’. 7 But this situation will not be the same always specially with the fact that multinational companies are trying to enter Indian market. Investors view India as an attractive investment destination. India stands at 4th attractive location for FDI (Ernst Young, 2012). In 2011, Global retail development index (GRDI) stated that â€Å"time to enter Indian market is now†(Kearney,2011). Some major retailers in India (Kumar, 2011)? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Food grocery: Big Bazaar, Food Bazaar Consumer electronics : e-zone Entertainment : Bowling Co. Books, Music and gifts : Depot Fashion and accessories Electronic retailers Time wear retailers Pharmaceutical retailers Telecom retailers Jewellery retailers Footwear retailers Catering service retailers 2. 2. Conditions in Retail Industries Globally, A survey in small towns in Minnesota (Brennan,1991) showed that specialized services, offering better quality products and improved customer service were most successful strategies while sales promotions and lowering prices were least successful. It was observed that consumers are more focussed on new discounts compared to old ones. (Brennan, 2000). A survey conducted in south India showed some decision making styles of south Indian peoples, mainly brand conscious, high quality conscious, confused by over choice style and recreational shopper style. (Canabal,M. E,2002). Until 2011 ,Indian central government denied FDI in multi brand retail and even single brand retail was limited to 51% ownership. In November 2011, India’s central government 7 Business monitor international(Indian retail report Q1,2012) 9 announced retail reforms for both multi brand and single brand retail. In December 2011, under pressure from opposition Indian government placed retail reforms on hold till it reached to a consensus. The reforms for single-brand stores to enter Indian market but on a condition that 30% goods should be purchased from local suppliers was approved by the Government in January 2011. Organized retail is increasing at the rate of 45-50% per annum and increases its share to 16% by 2012. On the other hand unorganized retail is increasing at the rate of 10%. Major increase can be seen in personal care, jewellery, sports goods and beverages. 8 According to A associates report, some of the benefits of multi-brand retail are ? ? ? Removal of intermediary Job creation No threat to kiranas India has been ranked as the most attractive nation for retail industry among 30 emerging markets. (Senjam Dwijorani, Consolidation phase in Indian retail industry). According to a Mc Kinsey company report titled â€Å"The great Indian Bazaar: organized retail comes of age in India†. Organized retail is supposed to increase from 5% in 2008 to 14-18% by 2015. Private labels contribute to 10-12 % of organized retail industry and are growing very rapidly. Key players being Westside, Shoppers stop, Spencers, Future group, Reliance and Bharti walmart. Highest penetration is by Westside at 90% followed by reliance at 80% and pantaloons at 75%. Shoppers stop and spencers have 20 and 10% respectively. According to Deloitte’s report on â€Å"Global powers of retailing 2013 , Retail beyond†, the retail industry grows despite difficult economic condition. Most of 250 retailers posted an increase in retail revenue with most of the companies experiencing declining sales. The top 250 maintained a healthy 3. 8 % composite net profit in 2011,matching the industries 2010 result. The average size of top 250 companies in 2011,as measured by retail revenue topped US$17 billion. A crisil report shows the Indian retail market is most fragmented in the world and only 2% compromises of organized sector. This shows potential for growth is immense. ASA Associates report, August 2012 10 Chapter 3 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 11 3. 1. Market Share and Nature of Competition The current retail segment contributes 22% of the country’s GDP and 8% of the total employment. And more over India has emerged as the fifth most favourable destination for international retailers9. According to AT Kearn ey’s GRDI (2012) â€Å"India remains a high potential market with accelerated retail growth of 15-20% expected over the next five years†. India retail sector values US$ 350 billion and is growing at a rate of 15-20%, as per Pricewaterhousecooper (PWC) research report. Mass grocery and apparel are the two most favoured segments for FDI in multi brand retail in India, according to the study conducted by Deloitte. The FDI inflow in single-brand retail trading during April 2000 to December 2012 stood at US$ 42. 7 million, as per the data released by Dept. of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP). A report (KPMG, 2010) indicates that the retail business in India has not able to deliver the expected results, expect a few players. The growth of organized retail trade decreased from 35% in 2007-08 to 10% in 200-09. Food and Grocery segment has been dominated by retailers not organized till date, except a few players like Big Bazaar (Food bazaar), Reliance (Reliance Fresh), RPG (Spencer’s), and AV Birla Group (More). Organized retail is in continuous increase compared from past. Retail can be classified in different sectors such as Food Grocery, Clothing, Durables goods, Shoes, Furniture, Services, Catering, Jewellery Watches, Books, Music Gifts, Mobile phones etc.. Figure : 3. 1 Grocery sales across countries (2010) 18. 40% 12. 40% 11. 10% 10% 3% India Source: IGD international 9 2% USA China Russia Brazil UK ww. ibef. org 12 The highest penetration of private label products is by Trent at 90%, followed by Reliance 80% and Pantaloons 75%, big retailers such as Shoppers Stop and Spencer’s have a penetration of 20% and 10%. 10 Figure : 3. 2 Market Breakup by Revenue (2011) 17% 3% 6% 4% 10% 60% Food and Grocery clothing fashion Beauty wellness Electronics Furniture Furnishing o thers Source: Indian retail market sep 2011, Delioitte Aranca research The Net Revenues of the top retailers in India; Figure : 3. 3 Retailer Food Bazaar Spencer’s Reliance Fresh More Nilgiri’s Source: annual reports of the companies 010-11(Crs. ) 215. 1 98. 46 127. 67 163. 7 80. 49 2011-12(Crs. ) 298. 09 120. 62 210. 45 236. 8 97. 70 3. 2. Market Segmentation 3. 2. 1. Segment analysis The Indian economy is growing rapidly. An important contribution is made by the growing number of shopping malls. Shopping malls became a centre of attraction or a hang-out place in metro cities. There are development plans proposed 150 new malls in 2008. But what this does is we forget or ignore the traditional retail formats (pedlars, grocery stores and tobacco 10 Consolidation phase in Indian Retail Industry, Senjam. 3 shops etc. ). They continue to co-exist with the modern formats. Modern retail has helped companies to companies to increase consumption and hence the demand for their products on the market. For example, Indian consumers would normally consume rice sold to the neighbouring Kiranas viz Kolam for everyday use. With the introduction of organized retail trade, it has been noted that the sale of Basmati rice increased by four times that he was a few years back: as a top quality, rice (Basmati) is now available at almost the same price as the normal price at local Kirana. Thus we can see the way a product is displayed, spoken and contiguous and how he won the heart and the minds of consumers affects its sales. It consumption continues to increase in the way; we can say that the local market would go through a metamorphosis of a change. This means that non- union retail trade would suffer a serious setback due to the outdated technology, poor supply chain, inadequate marketing etc. Thus, local stores would soon become things of the past or limited unexpected last minute purchase. And it is also observed that avg. consumption of Indian consumer will come down to 34% in CY2015 and in addition up to 25% in CY2025. This indicates that, with gradual increase in income levels, Indian consumers are spending more on products of lifestyle or pimping the economies of lifestyle retail value. 11 Currently most popular organized retail formats are; ? Shopping Malls: Malls are larger form of organized retail today. These are mainly located in metropolitan cities, close to urban periphery. The field of shopping centres varies from 60000 m? to 7, 00,000 m? and above. The idea is to provide an ideal shopping experience that includes a mix of products, services and entertainment all under one roof. Some examples are Inorbit mall, Ansal Plaza etc. Specialty stores : These are the stores that focuses on specific market segments, specializing on particular products such as entertainment and leisure, gifts and so on. The most notable among these include channels such as Crossword, Planet M etc. Discounters: As its name suggests, the shops or factory stores, offer discounts on MRP by selling in bulk to achieve economies of scale or surplus stocks in season over. The category includes various perishable goods/ non-perishable. Example: Subhiksha. Department Store: Stores ranging from 20000-50000 Ft? responding to the diverse needs of the consumers. It includes localized departments like clothing, toys, home, groceries etc. the popular among these are Big Bazaar, D-Mart etc. Hypermarkets/Supermarkets: Big self service outlets, with strong emphasis on Food Grocery store and personal sales and designated as supermarkets. These can still be divided into mini supermarkets typically from 1 000 to 2000 Ft? and large ? ? ? ? 11 McKinnsey Global Institute 14 ? ? supermarkets from 3500 to 5000 Ft?. These stores now contribute to 30% of all Food Grocery store in organized retail. More, Reliance fresh etc are some examples. Convenience stores: These are relatively low (400 – 2000 Ft? ) stores generally located near residential areas. They have a limited range of convenience high-sales of business products in stock and are usually open for long periods during the day, seven days a week. The prices are slightly higher because of premium convenience. MBO: Points of sale multi brands, also known as category killers, offer several brands on a single product category. They are generally well in places of markets occupied and cities. 3. 3. Policy Framework Since liberalization several policy measures have been taken with regard to regulation and control, fiscal policy, export and import, taxes, exchange and interest rate regulation, export promotion and incentives to high priority sectors. Food and agricultural industries has made an agreement with high priority a number of important releases and incentives. Some of the major policy changes are as follows: 3. 3. 1. Regulation and Control According to the extant policy, FDI up to 100% allowed under the automatic route in food infrastructure (Food Park, Cold Chain / Storage). As for food retail FDI policy concerns do not permit foreign direct investment in the retail sector, with the exception of a single retail brand products. This policy is the same for all retail operations. FDI policy for the manufacture reserved for the SSI sector is the same for all items, so reserved and a separate dispensation for the items in the food processing sector is not intended. 3. 3. 2. Fiscal Policy and Taxes Broad fiscal policy changes have been introduced gradually. Excise Import tariffs have been reduced substantially. Many processed foods are exempt from excise duty. Custom tariffs were substantially reduced on plant and equipment as well as raw materials and intermediates, especially for export production. Corporate taxes were reduced, and there is a shift towards market related interest rates. There are tax incentives for new manufacturing units for certain years, except in sectors such as: Beer, wine, soda flavoured with concentrates, confectionery and chocolate, etc. Indian currency (rupee) is now fully convertible for current account and capital account convertibility in the unified exchange rate mechanism is foreseen in the coming years. 15 Repatriation of profits is freely permitted in many industries, with certain exceptions, which is another requirement offset by dividend income from exports. 12 3. 3. 3. PEST ANALYSIS PEST analysis is concerned as the environmental influences on the business. The factors are Political, Economical, Social, and Technological. 3. 3. 3. 1. Political Environment Political factors include government policies, fiscal policy, labour laws, safety regulations, competitor regulations, political stability and consumer protection. That influence and limit various organizations and individuals in society. Legislation relating to the retail was damaged many years. Political factors include goods and services that the government wants to provide or provided. 3. 3. 3. 2. Economic Environment Economic factors include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and inflation rate. These factors have a significant impact on decision-making and business operations. Exchange rates affect the costs of exports of goods and the supply and price of imported goods in the economy. The retail market consists of the purchasing power of people. So the total purchasing power is a function of current income, prices and availability of credit. Changes in economic conditions may affect the business or company. Economic forecasters Looking ahead to the next decade and is likely to find its forecasts of rising costs, shortages and up and down economic cycles. These changes in economic conditions provide new opportunities or threats in the market. 3. 3. 3. 3. Social Environment Social factors include income distribution, population growth rate, age, lifestyle changes, education and living conditions . Society that people grow in their beliefs, values and norms. People live in different parts of the country have different cultural value, which must be analyzed retail person or company. This will help you to understand the business strategy in order to meet the requirements of customers. trend is the social factor will also affect the business for retailers. 12 http://www. punebds. com/pf. asp 16 3. 3. 3. 4. Technological Environment Technological factors include technical aspects such as research and development activities, technology incentives and the rate of change of technological changes, new inventions and development, energy use and costs. They can determine barriers to entry, minimum efficient production and influence outsourcing decisions. Technological implementation can affect the cost, quality, and this leads to innovation. Technology is extensively used in some of the areas such as: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Packing of the products Billing Mobile point of sale(POS) Digital signage Inventory management Customer service Price changes and auditing RFID and location tracking 3. 3. 4. PORTER’S Five Forces Porters Five Force model is to analyze the competition model, it helps to understand the nature of competition within the industry, and provides a good, simple but effective framework for the development and understanding of the competitive forces in the industry. Michael Porter created a framework, which identified five forces which act to either increase or decrease the competitive forces in the industry. These five forces is ? ? ? ? ? Threat of new Entrants Power of suppliers Power of buyers Availability of substitutes Competitive rivalry 17 Figure : 3. 4 3. 3. 4. 1. Threat of New Entrants The retail industry has seen a growth of the organized sector in recent years. Even though growth is not diversified, it was still significant enough to affect the unorganized retailers. This industry started ten years ago and has been declining number of independent retailers. If you walk through any mall, we notice that most of them are chain stores and there exist only a hand full of independent shops. While barriers to the establishment of trade is not impossible to overcome, the ability to establish favourable supply contracts, leases and be competitive, it becomes virtually impossible. Their vertical structure and centralized shopping gives retailers competitive advantage to independent dealers. 3. 3. 4. 2. Power of Suppliers In 1970, when Sears dominated the household appliance market, which set high standards for quality. Suppliers that did not meet these standards were omitted from Sears line. In this way, retailers have tried to exploit relationships with suppliers. This can be attributed to the fact that in the retail industry, suppliers often have very little power. Take the example of WalMart, which imposes strict controls on their suppliers. Contract with a large retailer like WalMart can make or break a small supplier. 3. 3. 4. 3. Power of Buyers Individually, customers have very little bargaining power with retail stores. The prices offered by the center-stores are usually negotiable. They come with a tag attached saying fixed price. It warns the customer from the very entrance to the store, if you want discounted prices. s Very difficult to negotiate. , But as a whole, if customers require high quality products at competitive prices, it helps keep retailers honest. 18 3. 3. 4. 4. Availability of Substitutes There is no shortage such as in the retail sector. This is not a monopoly in the market. The tendency in the retail sector is not specialized in one good or service, but to deal with a wide range of products and services. This means that what one store offers, you will probably find it in a store. Therefore, innovation and product differentiation are essential ingredients necessary to separately in the retail industry. Retailers offering products that are unique or have a clear absolute advantage over their competitors. 3. 3. 4. 5. Competitive Rivalry There is no market without competition, and there are no better ways than the existence of competitive forces in the market to improve the quality, price, supply chain management, inventory management, etc. Retailers always face stiff competition. The slow growth of the market for the retail market means that companies must fight each other for market share. More recently, they have tried to reduce the cut-throat price competition by offering frequent flyer points, membership and other special services to try to gain customer loyalty. Given the relatively weak financial condition of unorganized retailers and physical space constraints on their expansion prospects of the sector itself is not able to meet the growing demand for retail. Therefore, organized retail, which now represents a small 4% of total retail sector is likely to grow at a much faster pace of 45-50% per annum and quadruple its share in total retail trade to 16% by 2011-12. 3. 4. Business Diversification Diversification is a form of corporate strategy for a company. It seeks to increase profitability through greater sales volume obtained from new products and new markets. Diversification can occur either at the business unit level or at the corporate level. At the business unit level, it is most likely to expand into a new segment of an industry that the business is already in. At the corporate level, it is generally via investing in a promising business outside of the scope of the existing business unit. The different types of diversification that are discussed in this report are as follows; 3. 4. 1. Standalone Diversification Self-contained and usually independently operating. They concentrate only on the specific category of products. Standalone diversification has large relationship with the firm’s current business. 19 3. 4. 2. Conglomerate Diversification The companies markets new products or services that have no technological or commercial synergies with current products but that may appeal to new groups of customers. The conglomerate diversification has very little relationship with the firms current business. Therefore, the main reasons of adopting such a strategy are first to improve the profitability and the flexibility f the company, and second to get a better reception in capital markets as the company gets bigger. Even if this strategy is very risky, it could also, if successful, provide increased growth and profitability. 3. 4. 3. Future Group (Conglomerate) But while contemporaries like Bharti and Tata has teamed up with Wal-Mart and Tesco in the wholesale business, Future Group has b uilt its business by himself. Talks over sourcing partnership with Lawson Inc. Japan ended without agreement is happening this year. Under the new legal regime, it could be more opportunities for future groups to join forces with international traders. Future Group has recently reorganized its retail assets simplification of business and bring greater clarity to investors for business, Biyani says, and sees further expansion, not least the food in the arm, which he described as profitable. (And he adds: Some of the high-margin businesses, where demand is not too high, that when concerns are greater food is good, profitable business .. This week, the Future Group has acquired Express Retail Services, which operates in Delhi supermarket chain Big Apple. Biyani also outlines its goals for the store chain Food Bazaar. Currently there are about 200 Food Bazaar stores. No. Maybe in five years, add another 150 to that number, he says. 3. 4. 4. Reliance Fresh (Conglomerate) Reliance Industries plans to merge all its retail units within a single entity, which suggests he was not looking for a foreign partner in any of its businesses, a person with direct knowledge of the development said. The company started the process all the clubs eight independent retailers, such as clothing chain Reliance Trends and consumer electronics chain by Reliance Digital Reliance Fresh grocery chain, in a bid to remove defects and improve administrative cooperation and efficiency between different companies, people said. This will allow Reliance Fresh single retail entity by Reliance Retail, the groups holding company for retail sale. Reliance last Monday filed a petition in the Bombay High Court seeking permission for the scheme of arrangement of its several entities, including Reliance Retail, Reliance Fresh, 20 Reliance AutoZone format, car accessories, Reliance Trends, Reliance Footprint footwear chains, consumer electronics chain Media Reliance Digital, Reliance leisure, Reliance Gems and jewellery, and Reliance Replay Gaming. 3. 4. 5. Spencers (Conglomerate) Spencer Retail Ltd (Spencer) is one of the Indias multi-format retail chain. Established in 1996, Spencer is a group of RPG Enterprises, one of the leading conglomerates operating in India and subsidiaries Cesc Ltd. In 1989, RPG Spencer won, and in 2005 launched its retail brand in the Spencer. Consequently, it Spencer spread to other retail formats starting Hyper Spencer, super fresh and daily formats. Currently Spencer food markets and food products, clothing and accessories, footwear products, home decor items and equipment and consumer durables. 3. 4. 6. More (Conglomerate) More is a group company Aditya Birla Retail Limited, a leading conglomerate in the retail industry with a clear focus on its vision to be a global company premiums. 3. 5. Mergers and Acquisitions 3. 5. 1. Reliance and BP (Merger) During the year 2010, BP and reliance industries limited made the partnership in the oil and gas business. 13 By announcing the partnership both the companies came to an understanding that BP takes 30% of partnership of 23 oil and gas production sharing contracts that which are done by reliance industries in India. This project would help Indians in getting gas and will help to reduce the import cost included in gas. The same year reliance industries entered into partnership in us with an agreement of joint venture with the companies Atlas Energy, pioneer Naturals Resources and Carrizo oil gas by three different joint venture agreements. 14 13 14 http://www. ril. com/html/aboutus/major_milestones. html http://www. ril. com/html/aboutus/major_milestones. html 21 3. 5. 2. Bharti Wal-mart (Merger) In order to lead the retail stores in India, Walmart has begun talks with Bharti enterprises for forming a joint venture. Two companies has equal partnership in wholesale business in India, so they decided to continue their business relationship in retail business by requesting the government to make decision for allowing up to 51% foreign direct investment(FDI) in multi brand retail. 15 The aim of joint venture is to establish wholesale cash-and-carry stores and back-end supply chain management operations in line by taking government guidelines. 3. 5. 3. Spencers India Limited (Acquisition) Spencer’s is one of the retail sector which sells food and non food FMCG products16. Spencer’s Retail is a part of the RPG Companies that deals with food, apparel, fashion, electronics, lifestyle products, music and books . More over it offers services like gift vouchers and easy loans. 17 Spencer’s has expanded its food retail chain by bringing food world that has been brought over by RPG group18 . The Company has filed an application with the Honourable High Court of Calcutta for merger of its wholly owned subsidiary company Music World Retail Limited with the Company, effective from 1 January 2012, which is pending approval as of date19. 3. 6. International Exposure In the year 2006-07 ,the size of food industry in India was established at around Rs 8,80,000 crores in that the food industry accounts for around 374000 crores. Now growth of Indian food processing industry is up to 13% per annum20. 3. 6. 1. Dairy Dairy firms are one of the main contributors of Indian food industry among various sectors. In 2006-07 the size was 198000 crores it is estimated to be 366484 crores by 2015. The states of Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Punjab and Haryana have established many dairy co-operatives running successfully. Most of the packed milk segment is 15 16 http://www. bharti-walmart. n/Overview-CareerAtBhartiWalmart. aspx http://info. shine. com/company/Spencers-Retail/204. aspx 17 http://info. shine. com/company/Spencers-Retail/204. aspx 18 http://www. cesc. co. in/cesc/web/investor/helpdesk/document/sub/Spencer%60s%20Retail_Annual%20Repo rt_2011-12. pdf 19 http://www. cesc. co. in/cesc/web/investor/helpdesk/document/sub/Spencer%60s%20Retail_A nnual%20Repo rt_2011-12. pdf 20 Cifti. org/Reports/Ficci_Technopak%2008. pdf 22 dominated by co-operatives it contributes about 70% of the total revenues. In the milk products India, the reports have given that demand is growing faster than supply. The recent rise in milk prices have forced Indian government to Impose a ban on skimmed milk products and reduce Incentives for exports. Many products like Ghee, Curd, etc. has demand more and they are sold as unbranded in Indian market. As the health consciousness among people is increasing day by day ,the demand for milk is increasing in the market. Exports of milk from India to south east Asia countries have grown rapidly. The ice-cream industry though it is widespread is suffering from shortage of cold chain infrastructure and lack of big players in India. 3. 6. 2. Non-Alcoholic Beverages These are of two types namely; ? Carbonated and Non-carbonated drinks Some of the hot beverages are tea and coffee. Almost Rs. 5000 crores was accounted by fruit juices and fruit based drinks. The annual growth rate would be 10-12% India is the biggest country to produce tea in the world accounting for 28% of the total global production at 956 million kgs. Tea production in India is being increa singly improving year by year whose turnover itself is above Rs. 8000 crores. The growth has become 1. 2% per annum. India is the 4th largest exporter of tea in the world and it is also the 5th largest producer of coffee which is accounting up to 4% of total production in world. Almost everything produced is being exported. It came up to 75% of produced tea and coffee is exported21 The competitor for US food processing is Indian domestic industry. As it has the best climatic conditions it has got advantage to produce the agricultural goods and potential to cultivate the wide range of raw materials. some of the Indian companies have increased their market share by decreasing the prices for the products while import duties on food and ingredients have become relatively costly. The existing food laws will restrict the producers to use the ingredients, colors, flavors. Thus it has become the additional challenge to the US exporters interested in Indian market. 21 Food. export. org/resources/countryprofiledetail. cfm? itemnumber=1015 23 3. 7. Technologies used in retail industry Retail industry is one of the most growing industry in the world today with a market share of above 50% with organized sector having a share of 5% whereas unorganized sector has over 90% of share22. Now the factor is to know how to maintain such share. moreover food grocery alone takes around 62% of market share within retail industry. Everyday thousands of thousands transaction are done in retail market let it be regarding food grocery or may be some apparels or some clothing. But its really difficult to manage the details about all these. How to keep complete track of all the products? Earlier people used pen and paper techniques but will that suffice present days requirement. The answer to this question is a big No , it is not possible to implement such techniques today. At this part technology plays a vital role today. Storing the data in a proper manner so that whenever it is required can be fetched immediately without any delay. Database, Data warehousing, Data mining are some of the tools used nowadays for storing and retrieving data efficiently. Forecasting is used to predict future demand, e-commerce used online order and purchasing, The next part discusses how exactly each of the technology has played important role in retail industry. ? Forecasting tools are used to predict the total demand of any product in the near future based on the present or past purchase made by consumers. their details are saved on a computer and based on that prediction is made how much will be actually required to suffice the requirement. Database used to store details about a product how much is in the inventory, what is the amount that has been sold, who are the purchasers of such product, what is the buying frequency of the particular product etc. This is done using barcode scanners or RFID tags that is attached with the particular product. Barcode was the idea of two college students which actually came into effect on the late 1940’s and early 1950’s. Barcode is a code made of series of lines based on morse code and movie equipment. How it is read is by using incandescent light and an oscilloscope23. RFID tags uses radio waves to identify things automatically at any time. it can either be active with their own means of sending signals or passive like using a reader to read the details. Tag may contain manufacturing date, lot number, and serial number. Use of Credit card, debit card to pay for the products purchased can also be added to the technological usage in retail industry. Using cell phones as a medium to intimidate the consumers about any new offers on any product. ? ? ? ? ? 22 23 www. cci. in www. barcode-printing. co. uk/history-of-barcodes. htm 24 ? Use of e-commerce has been the bottle neck of retail industry now. with the ease of ordering stuffs with a click of a button, paying after receiving the product and other facilities has really made life of human beings easy. Reliance Fresh, Spencer’s, Nilgiri’s, More, Big Bazaar and all uses such technologies. Food and grocery segment comprises mostly of all packed items having barcode on the backside through which its manufacturing date, expiry date, price can be monitored. 3. 8. Marketing Initiatives There are a lot of retail companies coming up nowadays but how to introduce it to public. The best way is advertisement in terms of television ads, hoardings, newspapers, etc. This section discuss about how exactly few retail companies has used advertising a tool to introduce their product to public. For this project five major food and grocery companies in India, viz. Reliance Fresh, Spencer’s, More, Nilgiri’s and Big Bazaar are considered. 3. 8. 1. Reliance fresh Reliance fresh with its splendid combination of red and green colour logo reflects a green environment. Their major advertising types are ? ? ? ? ? Print or broadcast ads through newspapers. Packaging through carry bags. Directories like in telephone directories. Audio materials like announcements through radio. Point-of-purchase displays as in when customers reach billing point they can see special offers or promotions. Other ways of promoting are direct marketing through e-mails, messages and personal selling through face to face interaction with customers. 3. 8. 2. Spencer mart Spencer follows same pattern as reliance like packaging, print ads, Audio materials, TV ads but one addition to it is every week a new published ad can be seen in local stores or website. 5 3. 8. 3. More More comes with orange colour logo having tag line â€Å"for you† or â€Å"hamesha extra†. More advertises through newspapers, online advertisement, packaging, etc. They promote by offering discounts and promoting traditional and local specialities during festive season. 3. 8. 4. Nilgiri’s Niligiri’s started in 1905 has a logo of green colour . It is a supermarket ch ain in south India. The major selling product in Nilgiri’s is fresh vegetables with hygienic and superior qualities. Advertising is very essential for promoting of products that led to the growth of Nilgiri’s. Direct marketing, personal selling, store promotion, sales promotion are other ways of advertising the product. 3. 8. 5. Big Bazaar Big Bazaar’s logo comes in orange and blue colour with tagline as †Is se sasta aur accha kahin nahi†. Some of its marketing initiatives taken arePromotional offers? â€Å"saal ke sabse saste 3 din†. ? â€Å"Hafte ka sabse sasta din(Wednesday bazaar)†. ? Exchange offers †Junk swap offer†. ? Future card(3% discount). ? Shakti card. ? Advertisement(print ad,radio,newspaper). ? Endorsement by M. S. Dhoni 3. 9. Future Outlook Retail industry in India, as we know, is one of the fast growing industry which accounts for 22% of its GDP at present24. The sector consist of only 5% of organized market and the rest under unorganized which shows that there is a wide opportunity for large scale companies in the Indian market (Singh, 2012). The proposal of FDI was considered for taking up the growth of the Indian retail market during early 1990s. It was in the year 1991, the Government has opened up the retail market to FDI through a series of steps which are; (Singh 2012) 24 http://www. ibef. org/industry/retail-india. spx 26 Table : 3. 1 1995 ? World Trade of Organizations General Agreement on Trade in Services, which includes both Wholesale and Retailing services, came into effect. FDI in cash-and-carry (wholesale) with 100% rights allowed under the Government approval route. FDI in cash-and-carry (wholesale) brought under the automatic route. Up to 51% investment in single-brand retail outlet permitted. 100% FDI in single brand retail and 51 % in Multi-brand retail. 1997 ? 2006 ? ? 2012 ? In the year 2007, the Indian retail market stood at Rs 1. 33 billion witnessing a growth of 10. %. In this, organized sector shared only 5. 9%, but itself showed a growth of 42. 7%. It was expected to maintain a much faster growth in the next 3 years (IMAGES FR Research, 2009). As part of the action taken by the Government in 2006 regarding FDI, Wal-Mart has made an agreement with Bharti Enterprises to establish a joint venture, Bharti Wal-Mart private limited, for wholesale cash-and-carry and back-end supply chain management operations in India in the year 200725. This was a decision taken by Wal-Mart as the FDI policies were not favourable for retailing. The foreign retailers were still waiting for the Government to revamp their policies on FDI in retailing. Even though there was a fast growth in organized sector, its penetration in the market was only 8-9% during 2009 which is very low as compared with countries like US, France etc with 60-80% penetration level26. During these days, the retail market looked gloomy and experts reported this will last for the next few months which will reduce the growth in organized retail sector. In 2011, the market stood at USD 396 billion. It was clear that acceptance of FDI in retail became essential for another growth to attain27. Also, according to A T Kearneys Global Retail Development Index (GRDI) 2012, India is the fifth most attracted market for International retailers and also the market is expected to show a growth of 15-20% over the next five years. 25 26 http://corporate. walmart. com/our-story/locations/india http://www. investindia. gov. in/? q=retailing-sector 27 http://www. deloitte. com/assets/Dcom-India/Local%20Assets/Documents/Indian_Retail_Market. pdf 27 Growth in organized sector can be achieved through retaining and attracting more customers in the future. Also the retailers ability to manage supply chain efficiently, increase the operational efficiency through economies of scale, serviceability and optimal space management are certain other factors that can achieve growth in organized sector (Karthikeyan, 2010). Also the usage of various tools like, GIS (Geographic Information System ); which helps the retailers to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage and present all types of geographical data which is highly used for locating and shifting of their stores to specific areas; are considered (Mishra, 2009). The International retailers updates on the Indian status for FDI which allows them to enter the market with less constraints and more freedom. As the Government had not supported the foreign retailers negotiation in terms of the investment, they are still in doubt to establish in the market. For the organized sector to grow further, there should be some foreign investment and that which can show the growth of 15-20% in the next five years. 3. 10. Comparison of Indian retail industry with US, UK and France. As the study shows that the top 5 global retailers are from US, UK and France, comparison study of Indian retail industry with these countries are done on the basis of the size of the industry, the major retailers within the country and the nature of competition within the country. Among the retailers above, its clear that US is the top on the basis of the size of the industry followed by France and UK. But the most attracted retail market among the above countries is India. The comparison given below explains more about the growth of these markets between 2007 and 2011. . 10. 1. Size of Industry The size of the retail industries of India (Singh, 2012) (Assistant Professor, Global Institute of Management Technology, Noida) 28, USA29, UK30 and France31 in the year 2007 and 2011 are shown in the figure below; In the French scenario, the value for the year 2010 was mentioned as USD 349. 65 billion. From the source it is established that, the growth was following a compound annual growt h 28 29 http://www. dnb. co. in/IndianRetailIndustry/overview. asp http://www. slideshare. net/hitaishi9/retail-assignment, http://www. lideshare. net/hitaishi9/retailassignment 30 http://www. prospectsnet. com/cms/ShowPage/Home_page/Industry_insights/Retail/overview/p! egiLLL, http://raceforopportunity. bitc. org. uk/sites/default/files/kcfinder/files/RaceforOpportunity/Retail%20Sector. p df 31 http://industryreviewstore. blogspot. in/2012/04/future-of-retailing-in-france-to-2016. html 28 rate of 4. 5% from 2006-2010. Hence, the value of the industry in 2007 is calculated as USD 304. 55 billion32. Figure : 3. 5 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 India US UK France 2007 2011 The above figure shows the growth of the retail industries of the mentioned countries between 2007 and 2011. The growth rate is more for India and France than UK and US. The retail markets in UK and US are almost in a saturation state whereas the Indian retail market which is mostly unorganized has a wide range of opportunity for the modern retailers. The global retailers will be certainly looking forward to enter into Indian market as its organized sector is yet to grow. 32 http://www. slideshare. net/Allystephen/retailin-france-2011kh 29 3. 10. 2. Major Retailers, Their Market Shares and Nature of Competition The top 5 retailers in the four countries are given below and their market shares are shown in their respective regions33; Figure : 3. 6 Wal-Mart 6% Metro Group Aditya Birla 6% 6% Future Group 54% RETAILERS IN INDIA Reliance Retail 28% The study shows that Future Group is the market leader in Indian retail industry with a market share of 54%. Followed by the challenger, Reliance Retail has a share of 28%. The next three retailers have almost equal shares which show that there is a tight competition within the followers. Figure : 3. 7 RETAILERS IN USA 11% 11% 11% 52% Wal-Mart Kroger Target 15% Walgreens Costco 33 http://www. planetretail. net/Presentations/grocery-2012-web. pdf 30 In USA, the retail industry is lead by Wal-Mart with a market share of 52% followed by four other retailers Kroger, Target, Walgreens and Costco with respective market shares of 15% for Kroger and 11% each for the rest of them. This shows that there is a tight competition within the four companies. The Indian and US retail industries are having almost same nature of competition. Figure : 3. 8 RETAILERS IN UK 0% 15% 37% Tesco Sainsbury 19% 19% Walmart Morrisons Co-operative Group The retail industry in UK has different combinations of market shares among the companies. The chart shows that none of them is having more than 50% of the market share. The market leader is Tesco with 37% market share followed by Sainsbury and Walmart with 19% each. Morrisons is only 4% behind the two companies which shows that there is a strong co mpetition between all the retailers in UK. Figure : 3. 9 RETAILERS IN FRANCE 14% 17% 28% Carrefour Leclerc Casino 18% 23% ITM Auchan 31 Study shows that there exists a similar competition within the companies in France as in UK. Even though Carrefour is having the higher market share of 28% than the other retailers, Leclerc which holds the second position with a market share of 23% is not far behind. The rest of the companies have a competition within themselves as they have market shares between 14% and 18%. 32 Chapter 4 CONCLUSION 33 The report analysed in detail, the retail industry in India. The research initially started with the collection of data about the Indian retail industry as a whole, and then moved onto global scenario of retail industries. Also, issues regarding the foreign direct investment(FDI) in the retail sector is covered. The key players currently operating in the retail industry and the bottlenecks that the retail industry is facing in India are also analysed. Based on the findings, the future outlook of the Indian retail industry is mentioned in the report. 4. 1. Major Findings 1) The Retail sector in India is split up into two, the organised and the unorganised. 2) In terms of value the size of the retail sector in India is $350 billion. The organised sector contributes about 5%of the total trade. ) The retail sector in India contributes 10% to the Gross Domestic Product and 8% to the employment of the country. 4) In terms of growth the FMCG retail sector is the fastest growing unit. 5) The foreign retail giants were initially restricted from making investments in India. But now FDI is permitted 51% for multi brand retailing and 100%for single brand retailing. Again they can enter the markets through franchis es. The report concludes that, retail industry in India has a very bright future prospect as it is undergoing through a transaction phase. It is expected to enrich the Indian economy in terms of Income and employment. The retail industry in India has come forth as one of the major dynamic and fast paced industries with several players entering the market. From analysis other reports and surveys it is quite clear that Indian retail players are now all set and ready to triumph over the organised retail sector. The Indian retail industry is now on a verge to experience speed actions and competitions, allowing the consumers to get the best deals out of it. 34 Chapter 5 REFERENCES 35 REFERENCES 1. www. moneycontrol. com 2. www. ibef. org 3. Pricewaterhousecooper research 4. Deloitte research 5. www. Livemint. com 6. http://www. indianretailer. com/article/sector-watch/food-and-grocery/Standingagainst-each-other-1489/ 7. Business monitor international(Indian retail report Q1,2012) 8. ASA Associates report, August 2012 9. http://www. punebds. com/pf. asp 10. http://www. managementparadise. com/forums/principles-management-p-o-m/208682pest-analysis-retail-industry. html 11. http://encyclopedia. thefreedictionary. com/PEST+analysis 12.

A class trip to remember Essay Example

A class trip to remember Essay Example A class trip to remember Essay A class trip to remember Essay Lending nice exposure from our category trip would be the great challenge to finish an album, which is the photomontage and portion of package of our portfolio assignment. We planned beforehand the journey to Damai Puri Resort and came out with a list of interesting activities and equipment that we will hold to convey along. Out of outlook, it was merely the start of the catastrophe that we could neer conceive of. The category trip was merriment, memorable, and gratifying. The twenty-four hours of the trip began as usual but it was fun plenty for us. The cardinal issue of the trip was the transit to the location. We have deficient budget and could merely lease a mini new wave. Then, some of us had no pick and were forced to carpool in Bryan’s auto. We had a merriment siting trip with some card games and singing some swerving vocals in the auto. Then, Yasmin brought up a hot treatment subject and all of us had a truly fun clip debating over each other’s statement. Not long after that, the entryway of Damai Puri Resort is merely right in forepart of us. Once we arrived at the finish, we instantly settle down in the hotel room. The coach siting brought us an unforgettable memories and we had enjoyed the greatest minute, chew the fating, singing dad vocals and express joying together. I noticed that we were already bonded and literally grouped. We so took our first group exposure on the beach. By so, we were divided into groups to play around. Damai is so a merriment topographic point for out-of-door activities and the position is superb, one that we could neer bury. Nevertheless, the conditions was highly hot and was unsuitable for activities on the beach. So some of us have decided to soak into the pool and merely chilling around. Some other misss who were non interested to swim decided to hold their misss talk under the coconut trees. The scenes were memorable. After that, it was about flushing. We have decided to watch the sundown on the beac h, it was so beautiful. Likewise, we enjoyed the strong air current blows, the coconut torso up, I closed my eyes and listened to the loosen uping sound of sea moving ridges. It was such an gratifying minute. By six o’clock, all of us were exhausted. We were already hungering but it is still long to our barbecue dinner. Some of us insisted to take the early dinner at the cardinal nutrient tribunal. Those who struggled famishment went at that place for their early dinner while the commission were busy fixing the barbeque dark for the others. During the readying of the dinner, Celine, one of the commission, shouted. Apparently, she forgot to convey the necessary equipment and we could non lodge to our program without it. The misss were kicking and struggle arose. The commissions were faulting each other excessively. Meanwhile, another category were besides holding the barbeque dinner nearby. At that minute, the smartest cats in our category, Julius came out with an thought, which was to borrow the equipment from them after their dining. Fortunately, the thought worked truly good. Although the barbeque became our supper but we still bask of it. To sum up the trip experiences, I would utilize the words: memorable, unforgettable and merriment! However, our group leader was reasonably upset about the struggles. There are ever ups and downs in our life and I hope she is no longer sorrowing, I besides hope that we will hold another trip together and I will decidedly volunteer to be the leader to convey up the joy to everyone.

Green Technology Definition and Examples

Green Technology Definition and Examples Green technology, also known as sustainable technology, takes into account the long- and short-term impact something has on the environment. Green products are by definition, environmentally friendly. Energy efficiency, recycling, health and safety concerns, renewable resources, and more all go into the making of a green product or technology. Go Green or Face Extinction? Since the invention of the steam engine kicked off the Industrial Revolution, our planet has suffered rapid changes in climate that include increasingly severe droughts, increased depletion of groundwater reserves, seawater acidification, rising seawater levels, the rapid spread of diseases and macroparasites, and the extinction of species.  Unless we intervene, these changes may prove irreversible. Green technology offers us the best hope to counteract the effects of climate change and pollution. Why? The world has a fixed amount of natural resources, some of which have already been depleted or ruined. For example, household batteries and electronics often contain dangerous chemicals that pollute soil and groundwater with chemicals that cannot be removed from our drinking water supply and wind up in food crops and livestock grown on contaminated soil. The health risks alone are staggering. Plastic pollutants are another nonsustainable resource thats destroying the ocean habitats of sea creatures around the world- killing off fish, birds, and countless other species. Larger pieces pose choking and strangulation hazards, while the tiny particles of disintegrating plastic are making their way into the bottom of the food chain. As larger fish feed on contaminated krill, they too become contaminated and if those fish are subsequently harvested for human consumption, the contaminants are going to wind up on your plate and in your stomach. Not so appetizing, right? Fast Facts: Principles of Sustainability There are three principles which define sustainability in any type of material, as described by the American ecologist and economist Herman Daly:  Nonrenewable resources should not be depleted at rates higher than the development rate of renewable substitutes.Renewable resources should not be exploited at a rate higher than their regeneration levels.The absorption and regeneration capacity of the natural environment should not be exceeded. Renewable Energy vs. Nonrenewable Energy Nonrenewable energy resources include nuclear, hydrogen, coal, natural gas, and oil. All of these currently fail the definition of sustainability in one way or another but most painfully in the ability of the environment to absorb and regenerate the expenses related to their extraction or production.   One of the best-known examples of green technology is the solar cell, which directly converts energy from natural light into electrical energy via the process of photovoltaics. Generating electricity from solar energy equates to less consumption of fossil fuels, as well as the reduction of pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. While some detractors argue that solar panels are expensive and unattractive, new inventions may be just around the corner to offset these concerns. Community solar groups, in which renters will share solar panel products, and new spray-on photovoltaic film using perovskites that have the potential to convert regular window glass to solar collectors are just two possibilities on the horizon that show great promise for the future of solar assets.   Other renewable energy sources include hydro, biomass, wind, and geothermal, but unfortunately, these assets are not currently be exploited at adequate levels to replace nonrenewable sources. Some members of the energy industry are dead set against going green, while others see it as both a challenge and an opportunity.  The bottom line is that while non-renewable energy resources currently comprise 80 percent of the worlds energy requirements, over time, thats simply not going to sustainable.  If we hope to maintain life on our planet, emerging green energy technology must be used alongside existing methods to transition from the unsustainable to the sustainable. The Power of Positive Green Thinking Here a just a few reasons why going green is in everyones best interest: Inventors should know that green inventions and clean technologies are good business. These are fast-growing markets with growing profits.Consumers should know that buying green inventions can reduce energy bills and are often safer and healthier than non-green counterparts.  Even making small changes can have a large-term impact. For instance, consider the waste created by plastic water bottles. Of course, drinking lots of water is a healthy practice but changing out reusable water bottles for disposable ones is health-promoting, eco-friendly, and green. Sources   Cedeà ±o-Laurent, J.G., et al. Building Evidence for Health: Green Buildings, Current Science, and Future Challenges. Annual Review of Public Health 39.1 (2018): 291-308. Print.Hesketh, Robert P. Introduction to Sustainable and Green Engineering: General Principles and Targets. Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies. Ed. Abraham, Martin A. Oxford: Elsevier, 2017. 497-507. Print.Oncel, Suphi S. Green Energy Engineering: Opening a Green Way for the Future. Journal of Cleaner Production 142 (2017): 3095-100. Print.Tonn, B., and P. Carpenter. Technology for Sustainability. Encyclopedia of Ecology. Eds. Jà ¸rgensen, Sven Erik, and Brian D. Fath. Oxford: Academic Press, 2008. 3489-93. Print.Worland, Justin. Inside the New Technology That Could Transform the Solar Power Industry. Time, 2018. Web

Madison and the War of 1812 -was the war of 1812 the first war for Research Paper - 1

Madison and the War of 1812 -was the war of 1812 the first war for manifest destiny - Research Paper Example The strategy for attacking Britain was through Canada which by then was Britain’s colony. American officials were very optimistic about the success of the invasion 1. However, America was to suffer a humiliating defeat at the hands of Sir Isaac Brock, British soldier and administrator in charge of upper Canada(modern Ontario) on the August of 16th,1812.On September 13th,1814, Baltimore’s Fort McHenry after withstanding several hours of Bombardment by the British Navy, the following morning hoisted the American flag, a sight that inspired Francis Scott Key to write a poem called â€Å"The star-Spangled Banner† which would later be adopted as the U.S. national anthem. Notably, Kentucky made contribution of approximately 18,000 troops to the war as a result suffered a very high proportion of the nation’s casualties in the war. However, saw an end to the war and the atrocities through a negotiated settlement which was referred to as the Treaty of Ghent, on Dec ember 24th 1814.Kentucky once again was to feature in a major way through statesman Henry Clay who played an important part in the efforts. By then he was already the house speaker. James Madison’s tenure were particularly dominated by foreign dilemmas especially since they marked the last years of the Napoleonic wars. Noteworthy, when the Embargo Act was repelled, subsequent attempts to reduce tensions at sea included the Non-Intercourse Act, which took effect from March 1809 to May 1810.Importantly, it set the grounds for non-importation or exportation against belligerent nations including France and England as trade with these nations was prohibited. Therefore under the Act trade with all other nations was permissible. But as far as France and Great Britain, trade would resume with whichever nations dropped its restrictions against U.S. but American ships would go wherever they wanted. Furthermore, under the terms

Cold War Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cold War - Coursework Example The term the â€Å"Cold War† was first used by George Orwell in his article that was published in 1945 referring to what he predicted would be a nuclear stalemate between the world’s two monstrous super powers (Walker, 1995). Since the USSR and the USA fought as allies during the Second World War, it was expected that their relationship would subsequently be friendly and firm. However, this never happened and instead they turned out to be enemies and rivals (Sheehan, 2003). This paper will discuss the Cold War and its various aspects including the nature of the war; causes of the war; the effects of the war; the end of the war; and the aftermath of the Cold War. The Nature of the Cold War After the Second World War, the USSR and the US emerged as the world’s two superpowers with profound ideological, political and economic differences. These two superpowers were very distrustful of each other; they lacked mutual understanding of alien culture and each sought to e nhance their economic and military capabilities (Gaddis, 2007). Both of them created some of the most intriguing economic and political policies, and developed weapons of destructive capability. So, what exactly was the nature of the Cold War? This question can be answered by understanding the ideological, economic and political policies that each of them upheld and attempted to spread to other parts of the world. All these policies were largely aimed at enhancing these two superpowers’ individual political and economic capability within the international system. They each wanted to control a large number of allies on their sides and to benefit from resources from the allies that they would have wooed to their side (LaFeber and LaFeber, 2008). On one side, the US advocated for democratic states characterized with periodic free elections, upholding of rule of law, respect of human rights, freedom of expression and movement, and constitutionalism among others. On the other hand , the USSR was advocating for autocratic states characterized with fixed or no elections and limited freedoms and rights among citizens (Walker, 1995) The USSR preferred states that have strong central government and whose citizens have limited freedoms and rights. Also, the US on one hand pushed for capitalism as the preferred economic system around the world, while the USSR advocated for communism as her preferred economic system. Capitalism is an economic system that is founded on the concept of individualism and free market (LaFeber and LaFeber, 2008). On the other hand, communism is founded on the concept of collectivism and state control of the markets. In pursuing their divergent interests, the US and the USSR separately acquired allies mainly in Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe. The conflict between these two superpowers became increasingly apparent through military coalitions with their respective allies, espionage, nuclear and conventional arms race, strategic conventional military deployments, enormous propaganda campaigns, as well as through technological competitions (Gaddis, 2007). Causes of the Cold War Historians are of the view that there were multiple factors that caused the Cold War. The first main cause was that the Soviet Union wanted to propagate and spread its communism ideology worldwide and this alarmed the Western world and especially the Americans

Health Care Transparency Essay Example for Free

Health Care Transparency Essay Healthcare transparency has been defined by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) as making available to the public, in a reliable and understandable manner, information on the health care system’s quality, efficiency and consumer experience with care, which includes price and quality data, so as to influence the behavior of patients, providers, payers and others to achieve better outcomes (American College, 2010). Transparency allows consumers to make better informed decisions. It also helps health facilities convey information to the public. With more information in the open, there will be less overall confusion. People will be better equipped and facilities will know how they compare to other facilities. In the past transparency has been affected by lawsuits. With the risk of being sued, many physicians and hospitals did not want to divulge private information. Of course, this attitude is beginning to change. In the video â€Å"Healthcare Transparency† Dr. Patrick Cawley expresses that transparency in the future will be greatly increased (Dr. Cawley, P., 2009). More information will lead to better patient care. Eventually a patient will be able to review how well a hospital or physician is able to provide care. Everything from infection rates to waiting times will all be accessible to the public. I agree with all forms of medical transparency. Access to wait times will better prepare potential patients for their visits to a hospital. Knowledge of infection rates will affect how the public perceives a health institute. If infection rates are high, most likely public opinion will be able to change this. No longer will things of this nature be shrugged off as typical health care. If a facility is providing less than optimal care, people will be aware of this and know to avoid the facility. This means that poor health care facilities will rightfully fail, while prominent effective health  facilities remain active and prosperous. Thus means overall better patient care. If only the best health care facilities are able to thrive, more people will be able to receive optimal care. Patient satisfaction surveys will also help potential patients understand the environment they are about to enter. If a staff is rude and curt than the public will have access to this. Essentially, this will encourage health care providers to give optimal quality of service to each and every patient. Of course, it’s important that a patients expectations are not too grand. Nothing in life is perfect and people should understand this. Busy hours and numerous patients can cause fatigue. After all, health care providers are still human. Perhaps if all physicians were machines then we could expect them all to be perfect. Performance of medical procedures will enlighten a patient of how well a hospital is able to provide a service. This in turn will allow consumers to make the best choice when selecting a facility for providing care. Someone needing back surgery should be able to locate and choose a facility right for them. If a facility performs poorly with back surgeries, the public has a right to know so that they can avoid this. People have the right to make the most well informed decision. Facility treatment of patients should definitely be transparent. If a facility is trying to hide something it can’t be good. People have the right to know how well a facility treats their patients. This also encourages a facility to always do their best. Ultimately, everyone wants the best health care possible. With expanded information more people will be properly informed of all their choices. Transparency means freedom for consumers. It means more access to information, and more freedom to select the best choice. Without transparency health care is more of a guessing game. Does the facility perform well with back surgery? Who knows guess you’ll have to find out on your own. Of course, that’s risky. But why risk, when you can be informed? At least with information the public can make better decisions. Better decisions will ultimately lead to the best health care. The strong will survive, while the weak will perish. Poor health facilities will fail as more and more people choose the best facilities. As the best facilities succeed the health community will become stronger as a whole. A strong health community will lead to an overall better equipped public community. References American College of Physicians. (2010). Health Transparency. Retrieved from http://www.acponline.org/advocacy/current_policy_papers/assets/transparency.pdf Dr. Cawley, P. (2009). Health Care Transparency. Retrieved from https://portal.phoenix.edu/medialibrary/videodetails.05V130128092014044.html

Essay --

Hollar1 Mrs. Ledbetter English I 13 December 2013 The Mysteries of Area 51 Area 51 has been the center of controversy for many years. Its existence was denied by the government , but it cannot be explained why 200 or more jeeps patrol a nonexistent area. Many factors contribute to the mystery of the place known as area 51. Aliens and aircrafts are two main theories that encompass the mystery of area 51. Area 51 is the unofficial name for the United States military installation popular for UFO folklore. it has been stated that â€Å"UFOlogists have speculated that the government uses area 51 to experiment with extraterrestrials and their space craft’s†(What goes on in area 51?). The mysterious area 51 is located in Nevada about 85 miles northwest of Las Vegas. (Hodeirne). This is a very remote and secretive area with not much around it. this explains why many rumors circulate about the area. It lies within a U.S. air force installation known as The Nevada test and training range.(Hodeirne). They admit to the existence of the area but no information is leaked of the secrets that lie inside. Many people question if they are developing futuristic technology, like death rays, flying cars, or solar panels to generate electricity at a cheaper price.(National review). although people speculate, no one really knows the areas purpose. Not much is known about the are a but, the government has admitted area 51 existing, and revealed some details about what its used for.(National Review). This has eased some speculation of the area and quieted some of the rumors surrounding it. this was also done by the government stating that highly classified... ...era program, also known as oxcart, tried to develop a spy plane that would be undetectable in the air. (what goes on in area 51?). as well as this, research showed no evidence of alien life, the only thought was that area 51 was a secret base used to test spy planes.(New York times). some even believe area 51 is alleged to be a UFO landing site where flying saucers land for lack of spare parts.(What goes on in area 51?). Area 51 puzzles many people. The mystery behind area 51 can be summed up in two theories: aliens and aircrafts. aircrafts being tested in the area most likely account for â€Å"spaceship â€Å" sightings in the area. along with this, though many people believe aliens are associated with abductions, missing people, etc. no true proof is given. No one really knows the true purpose of area 51, aliens or not area 51 is full of mystery and controversy.

Early Autum Essay

Langston Hughes short story â€Å"Early Autumn† demonstrates how distance and time can heal a broken heart. The main character Bill illustrates his distance from Mary showing that he has moved on with his life and relationship. The symbolism in Langston Hughes short story â€Å"Early Autumn† reveals the coldness and distance Bill has towards his and Mary’s once relationship. Hughes writes, â€Å"It was late afternoon. Nearly sunset. Cold. † (Hughes, n. d. , para 4) is a perfect example of Bill’s and Mary’s lost relationship. The sunset symbolizes the darkness and coldness in Bill and Mary’s now relationship. Bill is unable to see anything other than a casual friendship with Mary. The coldness has moved in and fall has packed her bags and winter has now arrived to take up residence. The trees are bare and lifeless, it resembles how Bill feels towards the relationship him and Mary once shared, he is emotionless almost lifeless towards Mary. For Bill the darkness is so thick he is unable to see anything in front of him. This woman standing before him may have been someone he once knew a long time ago but she is now someone he no longer recognizes. It’s like the grim reaper had made his appearance taking any life and happiness that had been for Bill and Mary’s once relationship. For Bill that part of his life had been buried and laid to rest a long time ago. The handshake symbolizes the finality of the once relationship for Bill. Mary still clings to the hope that Bill has feelings for her upon seeing him again (â€Å"Unconsciously, she lifted her face as though wanting a kiss, but he held out his hand. Hughes, n. d. , para 3). Bill extends his hand to Mary almost instantly severing any idea of romanticism that Mary could have possibly had. Bill extends his hand to Mary almost instantly severing any idea of romanticism that Mary could have possibly had. Bill’s almost business like handshake shows that he doesn’t foster the same ideas or cling to the same memories that Mary does. Bill treats Mary as a colleague, not someone he one shared such an intimate part of himself with. He buried his feelings for Mary the day she gave up on him and their relationship. He now only sees Mary as an acquaintance. The unknown people walking around symbolize how Bill and Mary really no longer know each other. Standing talking to Mary in the hustle and bustle of the New York City streets, (â€Å"A great many people went past them through the park. People they didn’t know† Hughes, n. d. , para 4). Throughout the years that past and the lives they have lived people have weaved in and out. They now both lived two separate lives; Bills life was full of happiness and Mary’s life full of regret. But standing there on the street that day they were strangers themselves. Many years passing just like the people passing by on the busy city street. Even though knowing each other, sharing stories and lives with each other once upon a time, having an intimacy knowing each other in and out. Distance, time and experience have made them different people almost foreign to each other in a way. They are no longer the people they once knew now they are strangers much like the people weaving in and out on the busy streets. The use of Bill’s wife’s name symbolizes his happiness with his marriage and his wife. Bill has made a life for himself and is a very happy man. He tells Mary of this life and of his family with such enthusiasm and pride that you can tell he is right where he wants to be. When talking with Mary at one point Bill mentions his wife by name, Mary on the other hand seems to forget her that she husband. Not once during her and Bill’s conversation does she mention him by name. (â€Å"Sure,† he replied. â€Å"You and your husband must have dinner with my family some night. Any night. Lucille and I’d love to have you. † Hughes, n. d. , para 7). Bill invites Mary and her husband to his house for dinner and calls his wife by name. Saying (â€Å"Lucille and I’d love to have you†. ) Bill added a hidden intimacy for his wife by calling her by name. Letting Mary know then and there he loved his wife, by stating her name brought a reality to the fantasy for Mary. Ending and crushing any hope Mary may had clung to. Bill was happy and enjoyed his life; never once regretting his decision’s. Whereas Mary will live with regret for the rest of her life. I truly enjoyed this short story; I think a majority of people can relate. For me it was the lost love or the one who got away. I think that everyone in some way has had this happen to them I know that I have. I can relate to Bill, I can understand how he loved someone so much and they could just move on so easily without so much as a single word. Having your trust broken and it taking years before you can trust someone again is a long and painful road. I think love and relationships are something a lot of people take for granted now a days. Fighting over petty things, putting material possessions over human worth seems to be the norm for most relationships now a days. Fighting with someone and instead of talking it over or working it out; people holding grudges or moving on without so much as a single word uttered. But for Bill it worked out he found love, true love. I think for me the story showed that sometimes it takes a couple of wrong ones until your find the right one. To not let one bad experience jade you for the rest of your life because at the end of it all there is always a silver lining.

Practical Application of Statistics in Nursing Essay

Statistics is a fundamental part of human knowledge. It is known to be the exact science of collection, interpretation, analysis and presentation of data. It is a mathematical science that gathers and explains causal phenomenon or relationship, analyzes and presents measurements, collects and analyzes information base on factual sources and presents data as accurate as possible. As Fowler, Chevannes and Jarvis (2002) put it, â€Å"Statistics looks at ways of organizing, summarizing and describing quantifiable data, and methods of drawing inferences and generalizing upon them† (p. 1). The application of statistics in nursing curriculum is important because nurses, like other medical professionals, deal with a variety of information that needs statistical treatment of the data. For example, on their everyday encounter with patients, nurses need to apply statistics to calculate the average number of patients examined per day, week, month or year. Measuring the average number of patient examination would enable nurses to predict as to what month health consultation is at its peak. Without knowledge in statistics, nurses would be clueless on what to expect during the incoming month or season. Another example, when giving medicine to the patient, nurses must be able to determine the time interval when a patient should take the prescribed medicine. Nurses, too, must be able to identify what percentage of the admitted patients are carriers of transferable diseases, victims of chronic diseases and others. Moreover, application of statistics such as econometric statistical techniques is helpful in analyzing the cause-effect relationships of diseases and the severity of diseases through correlation and regression principles. History of Statistics Application in Nursing  The demand for statistical literacy among nurses was brought by the growing importance of nursing researches which started on Florence Nightingale’s â€Å"Notes of Nursing† published in 1859. Nightingale was able to describe the factors that affected the performance of soldiers who were involved in the Crimean war. She was able to determine that other illness contracted off the field of war and caused unattended wounds. Nightingale’s notes then became the basis for a review of what and how much amount of care the soldiers should receive (Lipsey, 1993). Following Nightingale’s notes, nursing research became an important part of the nursing curriculum which led to the establishment of the American Journal of Nursing. This journal started to publish nursing research studies as early as 1930s. In 1970s, the focus of research was on the investigation of nursing practice and the outcomes of nursing. This required an in-depth knowledge of research design and statistical methods where clinical problems and issues related to nursing practices were subject to investigation. Uses of Statistics in Nursing In evaluating the use of statistics in nursing, Fowler, Chevannes and Jarvis (2002) identified two reasons why nurses need to be statistically equipped. One of the reason is that statistical literacy is required if nurses are to read and evaluate critical and intelligent data, reports and other literature related to managing health care. Another reason is that knowledge in statistics would help nurses whenever they would decide to undertake an investigation that includes the collection, processing, interpretation and analysis of data and reports on their own account. However, statistics have limitations; it does not prove anything, instead it presents the likelihood of the things to happen based on the result of an investigation (Fowler, Chevannes and Jarvis, 2002). Statistics and the Health Care Investigation Health Care investigation generally involves a five-stage process: 1) identifying the problems and objective; 2) planning; 3) collection of data; 4) interpretation and analysis of the data; and 5) presenting and reporting the result of investigation. In doing health care investigation, the following methodologies are usually utilized: sample survey, clinical trials and epidemiological studies. Usually, getting a sample population is needed to conduct such methodology. In statistics, population means a group or collection of individuals who are the subject of investigation. Variables entails the different characteristics of individuals such as age, weight, height, number of heart beat, manifestation of symptoms and economic status which relate to the health condition of individual. Since it is hard to get all the population to be involved in health care investigation, nurses may use smaller groups or sub-set who will represent the group as a whole. This group is known as sample. Each individual or unit in the sample can provide a data like measurement. This record is called an observation (Fowler, Chevannes and Jarvis, 2002). For example, the nurse wanted to find out whether Generation Y babies (which is the sample unit) are malnourished or just on average weight. The nurse must first identify the duration of the investigation, number of babies to be investigated, and the age and gender of the infants. This would be the variables. Observations would be based on the measurement of each sample infant included in the health investigation. Explanatory Nursing Studies and Inferential Statistics Researches which aim to explain the elucidate the relationship among the variables are more complex than other descriptive studies. Lines of inquiry for this study are often based on establishing theories from other research literature. Example of questions could be: Are people born with mental disease more likely to survive Post Traumatic Syndrome Disorder than people with chronic diseases? Are chronically ill patients more likely to improved under the care of nursing home than on the care of their family? In explanatory study, are not being investigated based on the cause-effect relationship rather it attempt to understand how the given variables are related to each other. Thus, inferential statistics are utilized to analyze or explanatory elucidate the relationship of the variables (Plichta and Garzon, 2009). Prediction and Control Nursing Studies and Statistics Statistics, like medicine, is also an important tool to prevent and control diseases. In prediction and control studies, nurses aim to determine which variables are able to determine causality and are predictive. Such studies are usually quasi-experimental whereas the researcher is bound to introduce an intervention. Experimental designs involve random selection, an intervention, two different groups – one group that receive an intervention and another group that do not receive an intervention – and random assignment of the study participants to either the intervention or the control group. Like explanatory studies, prediction and control studies uses inferential statistics to examine the data and provide answer to the research questions (Plichta and Garzon, 2009). The Statistical Analysis of Health Data  Without the use of statistics, it will be hard to identify which diseases or ill conditions are critical or not. On any instance, medical professionals, particularly the nurses, rely on the result of clinically proven studies on attending to the needs of their patients. Nurses need not only rely on doctor’s order but also they need to be well equipped when dealing with patients. Most of the time, nurses are the primary person who attend to emergency situation. Thus, they should also be knowledgeable in analyzing their patients’ condition based on the medical variables related on the illness or disease being experienced by the patient. However, there are studies with similar topic but posses different results. For example, there are studies that prove the effectiveness of applying chemotherapy to cancer patients. On the other hand, there are studies that show how doctors negatively react on the use of chemotherapy to cure cancer patients. For nurses to avoid being trapped on ethical dilemmas, they must know how to critically analyze those studies that are of their concern, particularly those with statistical measurements. Research studies with statistical analysis of the data usually undertake three stages. First, the data should be cleaned. By cleaning the data, it means that all the variables in the study must have valid and usable values. Running frequencies and examining these frequencies must be done for the researcher to be able to identify the valid values, the amount of missing data and the adequate variability. Nurses, when reading and analyzing such data, must also be able to examine the frequencies used by medical researchers. They should be able to identify the missing data and the validity of the values presented in the studies. The second step in statistical analysis is describing the sample. Here, the researcher employs descriptive statistics with a table that displays the sample’s characteristics are presented. For example, the medical researcher uses a graph, a chart or a table to present the sociodemographic characteristics (e. g. age, weight, height and gender) of the sample patients. Such description enables not only the medical professionals but also the common people to understand the sample population involved in the study. Moreover, in describing the statistical analysis, the key dependent and independent variables are given enough presentation. Nurses must be able to categorize which variables are independent and which are dependent. The last step in statistical analysis of health data is to be able to identify the list of inferential statistics that will be used to test the hypotheses. Application of inferential statistics depends on the research design, size of the sample and the distribution of variables (normal vs. non-normal), scale measurement of the variables (ratio, nominal, interval, ordinal) in the hypothesis and the type of comparison that needs to be made. It is also important to note that for small sample population and for variables which are not normally distributed, nonparametric statistics are used while for large sample population and for normally distributed variables, parametric statistics are utilized (Polit, 1996). In order to not to be deceived by the validity of the hypothesis presented by medical professionals, nurses must be knowledgeable on the application of statistics and its variation. Generally, nurses of today’s generation must be well statistically equipped. They should be able to distinguish which studies are applicable on their field of practice and on the nature of their workplace or community. Not all nurses are working with advanced health facilities thus they should be able to manually learn the basic principles of statistics which will be helpful on every part of their duty – from giving medicine to their patient to reporting the results of treatment, generating research studies, predicting and controlling diseases and applying the fundamental results of valid health studies. Without knowledge in statistics, nurses would fail to give enough care and treatment needed by the patient. Moreover, without knowledge in statistics, nurses, who works directly and personally with their patients, would fail to understand the different conditions being experienced by the patients. With the aid of statistics, nurses would be able to contribute to the growing number of medical researches particularly those which relate to the vocation of nursing.